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Persisted Queries Link

Replace full queries with generated ID's to reduce bandwidth.

Problem to solve

Unlike REST APIs that use a fixed URL to load data, GraphQL provides a rich query language that can be used to express the shape of application data requirements. This is a marvelous advancement in technology, but it comes at a cost: GraphQL query strings are often much longer than REST URLS — in some cases by many kilobytes.

In practice we've seen GraphQL query sizes ranging well above 10 KB just for the query text. This is significant overhead when compared with a simple URL of 50-100 characters. When paired with the fact that the uplink speed from the client is typically the most bandwidth-constrained part of the chain, large queries can become bottlenecks for client performance.

Automatic Persisted Queries solves this problem by sending a generated ID instead of the query text as the request.

For more information about this solution, read this article announcing Automatic Persisted Queries.

How it works

  1. When the client makes a query, it will optimistically send a short (64-byte) cryptographic hash instead of the full query text.
  2. If the backend recognizes the hash, it will retrieve the full text of the query and execute it.
  3. If the backend doesn't recognize the hash, it will ask the client to send the hash and the query text so it can store them mapped together for future lookups. During this request, the backend will also fulfill the data request.

This library is a client implementation for use with Apollo Client by using custom Apollo Link.

Installation

This link is included in the @apollo/client package:

npm install @apollo/client

If you do not already have a SHA-256 based hashing function available in your application, you will need to install one separately. For example:

npm install crypto-hash

This link doesn't include a SHA-256 hash function by default, to avoid forcing one as a dependency. Developers should pick the most appropriate SHA-256 function (sync or async) for their needs/environment.

Usage

The persisted query link requires using the HttpLink. The easiest way to use them together is to concat them into a single link.

import { HttpLink, InMemoryCache, ApolloClient } from "@apollo/client";
import { createPersistedQueryLink } from "@apollo/client/link/persisted-queries";
import { sha256 } from 'crypto-hash';

const httpLink = new HttpLink({ uri: "/graphql" });
const persistedQueriesLink = createPersistedQueryLink({ sha256 });
const client = new ApolloClient({
  cache: new InMemoryCache(),
  link: persistedQueriesLink.concat(httpLink);
});

Thats it! Now your client will start sending query signatures instead of the full text resulting in improved network performance!

Options

The createPersistedQueryLink function takes a configuration object:

  • sha256: a SHA-256 hashing function. Can be sync or async. Providing a SHA-256 hashing function is required, unless you're defining a fully custom hashing approach via generateHash.
  • generateHash: an optional function that takes the query document and returns the hash. If provided this custom function will override the default hashing approach that uses the supplied sha256 function. If not provided, the persisted queries link will use a fallback hashing approach leveraging the sha256 function.

  • useGETForHashedQueries: set to true to use the HTTP GET method when sending the hashed version of queries (but not for mutations). GET requests are not compatible with @apollo/client/link/batch-http.

    If you want to use GET for non-mutation queries whether or not they are hashed, pass useGETForQueries: true option to HttpLink instead. If you want to use GET for all requests, pass fetchOptions: {method: 'GET'} to HttpLink.

  • disable: a function which takes an ErrorResponse (see below) and returns a boolean to disable any future persisted queries for that session. This defaults to disabling on PersistedQueryNotSupported or a 400 or 500 http error.

ErrorResponse

The argument that the optional disable function is given is an object with the following keys:

  • operation: The Operation that encountered an error (contains query, variables, operationName, and context).
  • response: The Execution of the response (contains data and errors as well extensions if sent from the server).
  • graphQLErrors: An array of errors from the GraphQL endpoint.
  • networkError: Any error during the link execution or server response.

Note: networkError is the value from the downlink's error callback. In most cases, graphQLErrors is the errors field of the result from the last next call. A networkError can contain additional fields, such as a GraphQL object in the case of a failing HTTP status code from @apollo/link/http. In this situation, graphQLErrors is an alias for networkError.result.errors if the property exists.

Apollo Studio

Apollo Studio supports receiving and fulfilling Automatic Persisted Queries. Simply adding this link into your client app will improve your network response times when using Apollo Studio.

Protocol

Automatic Persisted Queries are made up of three parts: the query signature, error responses, and the negotiation protocol.

Query Signature

The query signature for Automatic Persisted Queries is sent through the extensions field of a request from the client. This is a transport independent way to send extra information along with the operation.

{
  operationName: 'MyQuery',
  variables: null,
  extensions: {
    persistedQuery: {
      version: 1,
      sha256Hash: hashOfQuery
    }
  }
}

When sending an Automatic Persisted Query, the client omits the query field normally present, and instead sends an extension field with a persistedQuery object as shown above. The hash algorithm defaults to a sha256 hash of the query string.

If the client needs to register the hash, the query signature will be the same but include the full query text like so:

{
  operationName: 'MyQuery',
  variables: null,
  query: `query MyQuery { id }`,
  extensions: {
    persistedQuery: {
      version: 1,
      sha256Hash: hashOfQuery
    }
  }
}

This should only happen once across all clients when a new query is introduced into your application.

Error Responses

When the initial query signature is received by a backend, if it is unable to find the hash previously stored, it will send back the following response signature:

{
  errors: [
    { message: 'PersistedQueryNotFound' }
  ]
}

If the backend doesn't support Automatic Persisted Queries, or does not want to support it for that particular client, it can send back the following which will tell the client to stop trying to send hashes:

{
  errors: [
    { message: 'PersistedQueryNotSupported' }
  ]
}

Negotiation Protocol

In order to support Automatic Persisted Queries, the client and server must follow the negotiation steps as outlined here:

Happy Path

  1. Client sends query signature with no query field
  2. Server looks up query based on hash, if found, it resolves the data
  3. Client receives data and completes request

Missing hash path

  1. Client sends query signature with no query field
  2. Server looks up query based on hash, none is found
  3. Server responds with NotFound error response
  4. Client sends both hash and query string to Server
  5. Server fulfills response and saves query string + hash for future lookup
  6. Client receives data and completes request

Build time generation

If you want to avoid hashing in the browser, you can use a build script to include the hash as part of the request, then pass a function to retrieve that hash when the operation is run. This works well with projects like GraphQL Persisted Document Loader which uses webpack to generate hashes at build time.

If you use the above loader, you can pass { generateHash: ({ documentId }) => documentId } to the createPersistedQueryLink call.

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